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diff --git a/docs/source/io_tile.rst b/docs/source/io_tile.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1ed707b --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/source/io_tile.rst @@ -0,0 +1,486 @@ +IO Tile Documentation +===================== + +Span-4 and Span-12 Wires +------------------------ + +|IO Tile Span-Wires| + +The image on the right shows the span-wires of a left (or right) io cell +(click to enlarge). + +A left/right io cell has 16 connections named span4_vert_t_0 to +span4_vert_t_15 on its top edge and 16 connections named span4_vert_b_0 +to span4_vert_b_15 on its bottom edge. The nets span4_vert_t_0 to +span4_vert_t_11 are connected to span4_vert_b_4 to span4_vert_b_15. The +span-4 and span-12 wires of the adjacent logic cell are connected to the +nets span4_horz_0 to span4_horz_47 and span12_horz_0 to span12_horz_23. + +A top/bottom io cell has 16 connections named span4_horz_l_0 to +span4_horz_l_15 on its left edge and 16 connections named span4_horz_r_0 +to span4_horz_r_15 on its right edge. The nets span4_horz_l_0 to +span4_horz_l_11 are connected to span4_horz_r_4 to span4_horz_r_15. The +span-4 and span-12 wires of the adjacent logic cell are connected to the +nets span4_vert_0 to span4_vert_47 and span12_vert_0 to span12_vert_23. + +The vertical span4 wires of left/right io cells are connected "around +the corner" to the horizontal span4 wires of the top/bottom io cells. +For example span4_vert_b_0 of IO cell (0 1) is connected to +span4_horz_l_0 (span4_horz_r_4) of IO cell (1 0). + +Note that unlike the span-wires connection LOGIC and RAM tiles, the +span-wires connecting IO tiles to each other are not pairwise crossed +out. + +IO Blocks +--------- + +Each IO tile contains two IO blocks. Each IO block essentially +implements the SB_IO primitive from the Lattice iCE Technology Library. +Some inputs are shared between the two IO blocks. The following table +lists how the wires in the logic tile map to the SB_IO primitive ports: + +================= ================ ============ +SB_IO Port IO Block 0 IO Block 1 +================= ================ ============ +D_IN_0 io_0/D_IN_0 io_1/D_IN_0 +D_IN_1 io_0/D_IN_1 io_1/D_IN_1 +D_OUT_0 io_0/D_OUT_0 io_1/D_OUT_0 +D_OUT_1 io_0/D_OUT_1 io_1/D_OUT_1 +OUTPUT_ENABLE io_0/OUT_ENB io_1/OUT_ENB +CLOCK_ENABLE io_global/cen +INPUT_CLK io_global/inclk +OUTPUT_CLK io_global/outclk +LATCH_INPUT_VALUE io_global/latch +================= ================ ============ + +Like the inputs to logic cells, the inputs to IO blocks are routed to +the IO block via a two-stage process. A signal is first routed to one of +16 local tracks in the IO tile and then from the local track to the IO +block. + +The io_global/latch signal is shared among all IO tiles on an edge of +the chip and is driven by fabout from one dedicated IO tile on that +edge. For the HX1K chips the tiles driving the io_global/latch signal +are: (0, 7), (13, 10), (5, 0), and (8, 17) + +A logic tile sends the output of its eight logic cells to its neighbour +tiles. An IO tile does the same thing with the four D_IN signals created +by its two IO blocks. The D_IN signals map to logic function indices as +follows: + +============== =========== +Function Index D_IN Wire +============== =========== +0 io_0/D_IN_0 +1 io_0/D_IN_1 +2 io_1/D_IN_0 +3 io_1/D_IN_1 +4 io_0/D_IN_0 +5 io_0/D_IN_1 +6 io_1/D_IN_0 +7 io_1/D_IN_1 +============== =========== + +For example the signal io_1/D_IN_0 in IO tile (0, 5) can be seen as +neigh_op_lft_2 and neigh_op_lft_6 in LOGIC tile (1, 5). + +Each IO Tile has 2 NegClk configuration bits, suggesting that the clock +signals can be inverted independently for the the two IO blocks in the +tile. However, the Lattice tools refuse to pack two IO blocks with +different clock polarity into the same IO tile. In our tests we only +managed to either set or clear both NegClk bits. + +Each IO block has two IoCtrl IE bits that enable the input buffers and +two IoCtrl REN bits that enable the pull up resistors. Both bits are +active low, i.e. an unused IO tile will have both IE bits set and both +REN bits cleared (the default behavior is to enable pullup resistors on +all unused pins). Note that icebox_explain.py will ignore all IO tiles +that only have the two IoCtrl IE bits set. + +However, the IoCtrl IE_0/IE_1 and IoCtrl REN_0/REN_1 do not necessarily +configure the IO PIN that are connected to the IO block in the same +tile, and if they do the numbers (0/1) do not necessarily match. As a +general rule, the pins on the right and bottom side of the chips match +up with the IO blocks and for the pins on the left and top side the +numbers must be swapped. But in some cases the IO block and the set of +IE/REN are not even located in the same tile. The following table lists +the correlation between IO blocks and IE/REN bits for the 1K chip: + +======== ============ +IO Block IE/REN Block +======== ============ +0 14 1 0 14 0 +0 14 0 0 14 1 +0 13 1 0 13 0 +0 13 0 0 13 1 +0 12 1 0 12 0 +0 12 0 0 12 1 +0 11 1 0 11 0 +0 11 0 0 11 1 +0 10 1 0 10 0 +0 10 0 0 10 1 +0 9 1 0 9 0 +0 9 0 0 9 1 +0 8 1 0 8 0 +0 8 0 0 8 1 +0 6 1 0 6 0 +0 6 0 0 6 1 +0 5 1 0 5 0 +0 5 0 0 5 1 +0 4 1 0 4 0 +0 4 0 0 4 1 +0 3 1 0 3 0 +0 3 0 0 3 1 +0 2 1 0 2 0 +0 2 0 0 2 1 +======== ============ + +======== ============ +IO Block IE/REN Block +======== ============ +1 0 0 1 0 0 +1 0 1 1 0 1 +2 0 0 2 0 0 +2 0 1 2 0 1 +3 0 0 3 0 0 +3 0 1 3 0 1 +4 0 0 4 0 0 +4 0 1 4 0 1 +5 0 0 5 0 0 +5 0 1 5 0 1 +6 0 1 6 0 0 +7 0 0 6 0 1 +6 0 0 7 0 0 +7 0 1 7 0 1 +8 0 0 8 0 0 +8 0 1 8 0 1 +9 0 0 9 0 0 +9 0 1 9 0 1 +10 0 0 10 0 0 +10 0 1 10 0 1 +11 0 0 11 0 0 +11 0 1 11 0 1 +12 0 0 12 0 0 +12 0 1 12 0 1 +======== ============ + +======== ============ +IO Block IE/REN Block +======== ============ +13 1 0 13 1 0 +13 1 1 13 1 1 +13 2 0 13 2 0 +13 2 1 13 2 1 +13 3 1 13 3 1 +13 4 0 13 4 0 +13 4 1 13 4 1 +13 6 0 13 6 0 +13 6 1 13 6 1 +13 7 0 13 7 0 +13 7 1 13 7 1 +13 8 0 13 8 0 +13 8 1 13 8 1 +13 9 0 13 9 0 +13 9 1 13 9 1 +13 11 0 13 10 0 +13 11 1 13 10 1 +13 12 0 13 11 0 +13 12 1 13 11 1 +13 13 0 13 13 0 +13 13 1 13 13 1 +13 14 0 13 14 0 +13 14 1 13 14 1 +13 15 0 13 15 0 +13 15 1 13 15 1 +======== ============ + +======== ============ +IO Block IE/REN Block +======== ============ +12 17 1 12 17 1 +12 17 0 12 17 0 +11 17 1 11 17 1 +11 17 0 11 17 0 +10 17 1 9 17 1 +10 17 0 9 17 0 +9 17 1 10 17 1 +9 17 0 10 17 0 +8 17 1 8 17 1 +8 17 0 8 17 0 +7 17 1 7 17 1 +7 17 0 7 17 0 +6 17 1 6 17 1 +5 17 1 5 17 1 +5 17 0 5 17 0 +4 17 1 4 17 1 +4 17 0 4 17 0 +3 17 1 3 17 1 +3 17 0 3 17 0 +2 17 1 2 17 1 +2 17 0 2 17 0 +1 17 1 1 17 1 +1 17 0 1 17 0 +======== ============ + +When an input pin pair is used as LVDS pair (IO standard SB_LVDS_INPUT, +bank 3 / left edge only), then the four bits IoCtrl IE_0/IE_1 and IoCtrl +REN_0/REN_1 are all set, as well as the IoCtrl LVDS bit. + +In the iCE 8k devices the IoCtrl IE bits are active high. So an unused +IO tile on an 8k chip has all bits cleared. + +Global Nets +----------- + +iCE40 FPGAs have 8 global nets. Each global net can be driven directly +from an IO pin. In the FPGA bitstream, routing of external signals to +global nets is not controlled by bits in the IO tile. Instead bits that +do not belong to any tile are used. In IceBox nomenclature such bits are +called "extra bits". + +The following table lists which pins / IO blocks may be used to drive +which global net, and what .extra statements in the IceStorm ASCII file +format to represent the corresponding configuration bits: + ++-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| Glb Net | Pin | IO Tile + | IceBox | +| | (HX1K-TQ144) | Block # | Statement | ++=================+=================+=================+=================+ +| 0 | 93 | 13 8 1 | .extra_bit 0 | +| | | | 330 142 | ++-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| 1 | 21 | 0 8 1 | .extra_bit 0 | +| | | | 331 142 | ++-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| 2 | 128 | 7 17 0 | .extra_bit 1 | +| | | | 330 143 | ++-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| 3 | 50 | 7 0 0 | .extra_bit 1 | +| | | | 331 143 | ++-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| 4 | 20 | 0 9 0 | .extra_bit 1 | +| | | | 330 142 | ++-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| 5 | 94 | 13 9 0 | .extra_bit 1 | +| | | | 331 142 | ++-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| 6 | 49 | 6 0 1 | .extra_bit 0 | +| | | | 330 143 | ++-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| 7 | 129 | 6 17 1 | .extra_bit 0 | +| | | | 331 143 | ++-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ + +Signals internal to the FPGA can also be routed to the global nets. This +is done by routing the signal to the fabout net on an IO tile. The same +set of I/O tiles is used for this, but in this case each of the I/O +tiles corresponds to a different global net: + +======= === ==== ==== === ==== === === ==== +Glb Net 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +IO Tile 7 0 7 17 13 9 0 9 6 17 6 0 0 8 13 8 +======= === ==== ==== === ==== === === ==== + +|Column Buffers| + +Column Buffer Control Bits +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Each LOGIC, IO, and RAMB tile has 8 ColBufCtrl bits, one for each global +net. In most tiles this bits have no function, but in tiles in rows 4, +5, 12, and 13 (for RAM columns: rows 3, 5, 11, and 13) this bits control +which global nets are driven to the column of tiles below and/or above +that tile (including that tile), as illustrated in the image to the +right (click to enlarge). + +In 8k chips the rows 8, 9, 24, and 25 contain the column buffers. 8k +RAMB and RAMT tiles can control column buffers, so the pattern looks the +same for RAM, LOGIC, and IO columns. + +Warmboot +-------- + +The SB_WARMBOOT primitive in iCE40 FPGAs has three inputs and no +outputs. The three inputs of that cell are driven by the fabout signal +from three IO tiles. In HX1K chips the tiles connected to the +SB_WARMBOOT primitive are: + +============ ======= +Warmboot Pin IO Tile +============ ======= +BOOT 12 0 +S0 13 1 +S1 13 2 +============ ======= + +PLL Cores +--------- + +The PLL primitives in iCE40 FPGAs are configured using the PLLCONFIG\_\* +bits in the IO tiles. The configuration for a single PLL cell is spread +out over many IO tiles. For example, the PLL cell in the 1K chip are +configured as follows (bits listed from LSB to MSB): + ++-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +| IO Tile | Config Bit | SB_PLL40\_\* | +| | | Parameter | ++=======================+=======================+=======================+ +| 0 3 | PLLCONFIG_5 | Select PLL Type: | +| | +-----------------------+ +| | | 000 = DISABLED | +| | +-----------------------+ +| | | 010 = SB_PLL40_PAD | +| | +-----------------------+ +| | | 100 = SB_PLL40_2_PAD | +| | +-----------------------+ +| | | 110 = SB_PLL40_2F_PAD | +| | +-----------------------+ +| | | 011 = SB_PLL40_CORE | +| | +-----------------------+ +| | | 111 = | +| | | SB_PLL40_2F_CORE | ++-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +| 0 5 | PLLCONFIG_1 | | ++-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +| 0 5 | PLLCONFIG_3 | | ++-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +| 0 5 | PLLCONFIG_5 | FEEDBACK_PATH | +| | +-----------------------+ +| | | 000 = "DELAY" | +| | +-----------------------+ +| | | 001 = "SIMPLE" | +| | +-----------------------+ +| | | 010 = | +| | | "PHASE_AND_DELAY" | +| | +-----------------------+ +| | | 110 = "EXTERNAL" | ++-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +| 0 2 | PLLCONFIG_9 | | ++-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +| 0 3 | PLLCONFIG_1 | | ++-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +| 0 4 | PLLCONFIG_4 | DELAY_ADJ | +| | | USTMENT_MODE_FEEDBACK | +| | +-----------------------+ +| | | 0 = "FIXED" | +| | +-----------------------+ +| | | 1 = "DYNAMIC" | ++-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +| 0 4 | PLLCONFIG_9 | DELAY_ADJ | +| | | USTMENT_MODE_RELATIVE | +| | +-----------------------+ +| | | 0 = "FIXED" | +| | +-----------------------+ +| | | 1 = "DYNAMIC" | ++-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +| 0 3 | PLLCONFIG_6 | PLLOUT_SELECT | +| | | PLLOUT_SELECT_PORTA | +| | +-----------------------+ +| | | 00 = "GENCLK" | +| | +-----------------------+ +| | | 01 = "GENCLK_HALF" | +| | +-----------------------+ +| | | 10 = "SHIFTREG_90deg" | +| | +-----------------------+ +| | | 11 = "SHIFTREG_0deg" | ++-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +| 0 3 | PLLCONFIG_7 | | ++-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +| 0 3 | PLLCONFIG_2 | PLLOUT_SELECT_PORTB | +| | +-----------------------+ +| | | 00 = "GENCLK" | +| | +-----------------------+ +| | | 01 = "GENCLK_HALF" | +| | +-----------------------+ +| | | 10 = "SHIFTREG_90deg" | +| | +-----------------------+ +| | | 11 = "SHIFTREG_0deg" | ++-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +| 0 3 | PLLCONFIG_3 | | ++-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +| 0 3 | PLLCONFIG_4 | SHIFTREG_DIV_MODE | ++-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +| 0 3 | PLLCONFIG_8 | TEST_MODE | ++-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +| 0 5 | PLLCONFIG_2 | Enable ICEGATE for | +| | | PLLOUTGLOBALA | ++-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +| 0 5 | PLLCONFIG_4 | Enable ICEGATE for | +| | | PLLOUTGLOBALB | ++-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ + +======= =========== ====================== +IO Tile Config Bit SB_PLL40\_\* Parameter +======= =========== ====================== +0 3 PLLCONFIG_9 FDA_FEEDBACK +0 4 PLLCONFIG_1 +0 4 PLLCONFIG_2 +0 4 PLLCONFIG_3 +0 5 PLLCONFIG_5 FDA_RELATIVE +0 4 PLLCONFIG_6 +0 4 PLLCONFIG_7 +0 4 PLLCONFIG_8 +0 1 PLLCONFIG_1 DIVR +0 1 PLLCONFIG_2 +0 1 PLLCONFIG_3 +0 1 PLLCONFIG_4 +0 1 PLLCONFIG_5 DIVF +0 1 PLLCONFIG_6 +0 1 PLLCONFIG_7 +0 1 PLLCONFIG_8 +0 1 PLLCONFIG_9 +0 2 PLLCONFIG_1 +0 2 PLLCONFIG_2 +0 2 PLLCONFIG_3 DIVQ +0 2 PLLCONFIG_4 +0 2 PLLCONFIG_5 +0 2 PLLCONFIG_6 FILTER_RANGE +0 2 PLLCONFIG_7 +0 2 PLLCONFIG_8 +======= =========== ====================== + +The PLL inputs are routed to the PLL via the fabout signal from various +IO tiles. The non-clock PLL outputs are routed via otherwise unused +neigh_op\_\* signals in fabric corners. For example in case of the 1k +chip: + +==== ============== ====================== +Tile Net-Segment SB_PLL40\_\* Port Name +==== ============== ====================== +0 1 fabout REFERENCECLK +0 2 fabout EXTFEEDBACK +0 4 fabout DYNAMICDELAY +0 5 fabout +0 6 fabout +0 10 fabout +0 11 fabout +0 12 fabout +0 13 fabout +0 14 fabout +1 1 neigh_op_bnl_1 LOCK +1 0 fabout BYPASS +2 0 fabout RESETB +5 0 fabout LATCHINPUTVALUE +12 1 neigh_op_bnr_3 SDO +4 0 fabout SDI +3 0 fabout SCLK +==== ============== ====================== + +The PLL clock outputs are fed directly into the input path of certain IO +tiles. In case of the 1k chip the PORTA clock is fed into PIO 1 of IO +Tile (6 0) and the PORTB clock is fed into PIO 0 of IO Tile (7 0). +Because of this, those two PIOs can only be used as output Pins by the +FPGA fabric when the PLL ports are being used. + +The input path that are stolen are also used to implement the ICEGATE +function. If the input pin type of the input path being stolen is set to +PIN_INPUT_LATCH, then the ICEGATE function is enabled for the +corresponding CORE output of the PLL. + +.. |IO Tile Span-Wires| image:: _static/images/iosp.svg + :height: 200px + :target: iosp.svg +.. |Column Buffers| image:: _static/images/colbuf.svg + :height: 200px + :target: colbuf.svg |